Neurosurgeons in India are the MCh-trained specialists who operate on the brain, spine, and peripheral nervous system — performing craniotomies for tumour excision, aneurysm clipping, angioma resection, endoscopic trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery, shunt placement for hydrocephalus, microdiscectomy and posterior spinal fusion, stereotactic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease, and emergency decompressive craniectomy after traumatic brain injury. The Indian training path is among the most demanding in medicine: MBBS (5.5 years) → MS General Surgery or MS Anatomy / MS Physiology is not required — the direct MCh Neurosurgery route exists via NEET-SS, but the predominant path is MBBS → MS General Surgery (3 years) → MCh Neurosurgery (3 years) at AIIMS Delhi, NIMHANS Bengaluru, PGIMER Chandigarh, SGPGI Lucknow, CMC Vellore, or JIPMER — totalling 12-15 years of training before independent practice. Major employers are government super-specialty institutes (AIIMS, NIMHANS, PGIMER), and India's tier-1 private hospital chains (Apollo, Fortis, Manipal, Medanta, Aster). Neurosurgery spans emergency cranial trauma (epidural/subdural haematoma) and elective precision neurosurgery, with ICP monitoring, neuronavigation, intraoperative MRI, and neurophysiology monitoring increasingly standard at tier-1 centres.